Framing REDD+: political ecology, actor–network theory (ANT), and the making of forest carbon markets

Abstract. This paper discusses the opportunities and challenges of integrating science technology studies (STS), especially variant based on actor–network theory (ANT), into fields human geography with a critical research tradition. Drawing experiences political ecology empirical carbon markets, it uses example reducing emissions from deforestation forest degradation (REDD+) to show how turn towards such STS impacts has changed “framing” REDD+: analysing REDD+ as an “neoliberalization nature” focus users detailed accounts infrastructures practices making markets. Discussing consequences these observations different proposals brought forward combine ANT ecology, argues for conscious reflective use ANT-inspired approaches benefit additional insights this approach allows while keeping potential alive.